Verrucous carcinoma can occur in various parts of the body, including the genital region. When it affects the genitals, it is known as genital verrucous carcinoma, a slow-growing but locally aggressive form of cancer that typically affects the external genitalia. While not as well-known as other cancers that affect the genital area, such as cervical or penile cancer, genital verrucous carcinoma presents unique challenges in terms of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Genital verrucous carcinoma is a subtype of squamous cell carcinoma that develops in the skin and mucous membranes of the genital region. It is characterized by its distinctive wart-like appearance and slow-growing nature. The cancerous lesions that form are often thickened and bumpy, resembling warts or papillomas.
Although genital verrucous carcinoma is relatively uncommon, it is important to recognize it early, as it can cause significant tissue damage if left untreated. Unlike some other forms of genital cancer, verrucous carcinoma rarely spreads to distant parts of the body, but it can invade nearby tissues, leading to complications.
Several factors can increase an individual's risk of developing verrucous carcinoma in the genital area:
Infection with certain strains of HPV, particularly high-risk strains like HPV-6 and HPV-11, is one of the most common risk factors for genital verrucous carcinoma. These strains are also responsible for the development of genital warts, and there is some evidence to suggest that chronic HPV infection can lead to the development of verrucous carcinoma over time.
Like oral verrucous carcinoma, genital verrucous carcinoma can be triggered by chronic irritation or inflammation in the genital region. Conditions that cause persistent irritation, such as lichen planus or chronic infections, may increase the likelihood of developing this form of cancer.
Smoking or using smokeless tobacco products can also increase the risk of genital verrucous carcinoma. The carcinogens found in tobacco can contribute to the development of cancerous lesions in the genital region.
The symptoms of genital verrucous carcinoma are often subtle at first, which can make early detection challenging. The most common sign of this cancer is the appearance of a wart-like growth on the genitalia. These growths are typically slow-growing and may not cause pain or discomfort in the early stages.
As the tumor progresses, it may become larger and more noticeable, potentially causing itching, irritation, or bleeding. In some cases, the cancerous lesion may become ulcerated or infected, leading to additional symptoms such as pain, swelling, and discharge.
Common locations for genital verrucous carcinoma include:
Diagnosing genital verrucous carcinoma typically involves a biopsy, in which a small sample of the lesion is removed and examined under a microscope. Because verrucous carcinoma can resemble other benign conditions, such as genital warts or benign skin tumors, a biopsy is essential for confirming the diagnosis.
Treatment for genital verrucous carcinoma often involves surgical removal of the tumor. In some cases, less invasive treatments such as cryotherapy or laser ablation may be used to remove smaller lesions. However, surgery is usually the preferred option for larger or more advanced tumors.
Radiation therapy and chemotherapy are generally not recommended for verrucous carcinoma, as these treatments can sometimes cause the cancer to become more aggressive. Instead, surgery is the most effective way to remove the tumor and prevent further tissue damage.
Preventing genital verrucous carcinoma involves reducing your risk of HPV infection and minimizing chronic irritation in the genital area. Practicing safe sex, using condoms, and getting vaccinated against HPV can help lower your risk. Additionally, quitting tobacco use and addressing any underlying medical conditions that cause chronic irritation can also help reduce your chances of developing this cancer.